Canada’s Prime Minister Stephen Harper, by winning an outright majority of seats in his country’s parliament for the first time since assuming office, continues a remarkable series of national election victories, backed by voters demanding at least a pause, and perhaps some reversal, of the growth of the welfare state.
Moreover, Harper’s victory follows the Republican Party’s resounding 2010 triumph in the United States’ mid-term election, a campaign largely fought on the size and scope of government, following the massive expansion of public spending in the wake of the financial crisis and recession. British Prime Minister David Cameron (who leads, as Harper did until recently, a center-right coalition government), likewise won on a platform to roll back the excesses of the welfare state.
Next up is French President Nicolas Sarkozy’s anticipated re-election bid. France has higher taxes and social-welfare benefits than the United Kingdom, Canada, or the US. Sarkozy, despite initial attempts to roll back some French entitlements, has thus far produced less reform than Cameron or Harper, let alone Ronald Reagan or Margaret Thatcher in the 1980’s.
Some might argue that economic problems faced by governments are so severe that simply being in power invites being tossed out of office, regardless of ideology. But Harper’s re-election suggests otherwise. Harper lowered Canada’s sales and corporate taxes (now well below America’s), and, like Cameron, desires more rapid fiscal consolidation than US President Barack Obama.
The potential significance of these elections must be understood in the context not only of the recession and financial crisis, and the government interventions designed to deal with them, but also in the broader sweep of the historical evolution of these countries’ welfare states.
The following trends stand out:
- In all four countries, there has been a sizeable upward trend in government outlays as a share of GDP;
- In each country, there has been a sizeable increase in public spending in the last few years, particularly in the US and the UK;
- France has the highest government spending as a share of GDP – well over 50%, according to the OECD – and this has increased continually, decade after decade;
- The US currently has the smallest share of government spending in GDP, although it has gained substantially on Canada because of the spending explosion since 2000 – President George W. Bush’s military spending and Obama’s social spending;
- The increase in Canada’s public spending as a share of GDP since 2000 has been the smallest of the four countries;
- Canada and the UK have had periods of important reductions in the share of government spending. In the UK, the share fell four percentage points in 1980-1990 (the Margaret Thatcher revolution), and fell further until 2000. In the years prior to the financial crisis, Canada’s share fell from the mid-40’s to about 40%;
- Likewise, the Reagan Revolution in the US stopped the upward trend in non-defense spending.
What about economic performance, as measured by real GDP per capita? The four countries rank exactly in inverse order of their government spending shares (according to both 2009 and pre-crisis 2007 data), with the US highest, followed by Canada, the UK, and France. The simple correlation coefficient is about -0.9!
The voters appear to be onto something important. Of course, correlation does not prove causation; there are myriad other factors that affect economic performance besides the size, composition, and nature of welfare-state spending (and clearly related taxes and debt). Moreover, governments provide services, from defense and law enforcement to a humane safety net, that are essential to a successful economy and society. But the size of the welfare state – and the erosion of incentives to work, save, and invest, owing to high taxes and bloated transfer payments – is a major impediment to faster income growth.
This simple analysis should raise a red flag about how we think about the trade-offs between dynamism and security, or growth and redistribution. After all, real per capita income in the US is about 40% higher than in France, 22% higher than in Canada, and 31% higher than in Great Britain.
The relative histories have followed a similar trend (again, other factors are involved, not just taxes and spending). For example, the US advantage over France has expanded from 25% to 40% since 1980, a period in which the share of government spending in GDP was stabilized in the US (until recently), while it grew substantially in France. Likewise, French real per capita GDP exceeded the UK level in 1980, but was overtaken in 2000, and by 2007 lagged the UK by about 10%. These differences are the equivalent of an entire generation of economic progress.
Those who want to control, reform, and reduce government spending seem to have the big picture right. It is a prerequisite for substantial economic advance. That is the broad lesson of history – from the Reagan and Thatcher revolutions in the US and the UK, to Stephen Harper’s more recent experience, to the repeat performance that David Cameron and the Republicans in the US Congress are now trying to engineer.
Only time will tell if the recent elections in the UK, the US, and Canada signal a retreat from the growth of the welfare state or just a temporary respite. But comparing the US, Canada, the UK, and France reveals that the stakes are immense.
