Marijuana users want society to believe the very thing they have told themselves for years—that the highs of marijuana far outweigh its lows when it comes to health and the effect on the masses. Informed minds that remain sober and less tainted by personal bias realize that is probably not the case. Cannabis is demonstrably helpful for a limited number of conditions, and even then may not be the best clinical first choice. Meanwhile, those damned downsides remain.
In Canada, medical marijuana use has grown dramatically from just 7,914 registered users in 2014 to 201,398 in 2017. This prevalence varies widely, from just 0.07% of the population in Quebec to 1.7% in Alberta. But as popular interest has grown, many doctors have wanted more guidance as to when cannabis is an appropriate option.
From a public relations perspective, medicinal marijuana was a no-brainer for pot enthusiasts. Once society conceded an upside to marijuana, it became difficult to argue for its prohibition to prevent harm. It should surprise no one if marijuana’s benefits have been overhyped or overstated, not only by political advocates but also by researchers whose bias may have helped them “find” what they wanted to see. Of course, some may have been blinded by the haze of their own consumption.
Researchers at the University of Alberta found the positive case for pot was weaker than many have been led to believe. G. Michael Allan and 18 colleagues looked at 31 systematic reviews of the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids, which altogether encompassed 1085 studies. Allan’s team found that while studies were plentiful, quality was rare. Randomized clinical trials were limited or absent. Small sample sizes and short durations were common, making false positives more likely. Important quality markers were often absent, undermining the reliability of the results, if not outright bias.
Earlier this year, the College of Family Physicians published Allan’s “Simplified guideline for prescribing medical cannabinoids in primary care.” Copies were sent to 30,000 doctors, recommending that cannabinoids be prescribed solely for “neuropathic pain, palliative and end-of-life pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and spasticity due to multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury.” Only the synthetic cannabinoid of nabilone or nabiximols is recommended, and even then only after two other options have been tried.
These options exclude actual pot-smoking, partly because the chemical composition of an individual plant always varies—sometimes substantially. Cannabis has more than 500 compounds, and over 100 cannabinoids have been identified. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive component. Cannabidiol (CBD) is also significant and seems to prevent some of the adverse effects of THC. Marijuana has grown in potency in both America and Europe. One study of American pot showed that in the 20 years following 1995, THC content had tripled while CBD dropped. Whereas THC content had been 14 times that of CBD, by the end of 2014, that number was 80.
Allan prefers doctors treat cannabis as a third option at best due to potential harms such as brain damage. Endocannabinoids help synapses (which connect neurons) form properly as brains develop, a process often incomplete until age 25. Regular marijuana use in adolescence alters brain connectivity and reduces volume, inhibiting memory, learning, and impulse control. One 25-year study of 4,000 young adults found that marijuana lowered verbal memory. A study in New Zealand found that frequent marijuana use in adolescence led to a loss of 6 IQ points in mid-adulthood, even if consumption stopped in adulthood.
High cannabis use also correlates with mental health problems. Use in adolescence increases the risk of schizophrenia-like psychoses, and can actually trigger them. Cannabis users develop psychosis two or three years earlier than others—an effect not seen from alcohol or other substance use. Amotivational syndrome is a chronic disorder first recognized in the 1960s by patients with long time cannabis use. This involves changes in personality, emotions, and brain function characterized by inward-turning, apathy, and blunted affect.
The potential for lung damage and cancer due to marijuana smoking is greater than that for tobacco. One study even suggested that smoking one joint per day caused the same lung damage and cancer risk as twenty cigarettes. Higher carcinogenic content is part of the reason, but a greater degree of inhaled smoke is the other (Bill Clinton apparently excepted). THC also suppresses the immune system. Cannabis can also cause acute pancreatitis, though the exact mechanism is unclear.
Marijuana’s cure for budget deficits was also overstated. The federal government has already spent $800 million to prepare for legalization, gobbling more than the first year’s tax revenues. Now youth can carry 5 grams (7 joints) without criminal prosecution, and return to homes with four plants producing 300 grams each. The majority of health and social costs won’t be borne for decades. By then, only history books will call how marijuana legalization was the successful prescription to mobilize the millennial vote.
